Cost Segregation Tax Savings FAQ
Tax Savings Definitions
Cost Segregation Definitions
Form 3115
Form 3115: The “Application for Change in Accounting Method,” an IRS form used to adjust how taxpayers account for depreciation. It allows retroactive reclassification of property components and “catch-up” depreciation without amending previous returns.
Bonus Depreciation
Bonus Depreciation: A tax provision allowing immediate deduction of a significant percentage (up to 100%) of qualifying property with a useful life of 20 years or less. Commonly applied to personal property and land improvements identified through cost segregation.
Depreciation Recapture
Depreciation Recapture: Tax on depreciation deductions claimed during ownership, applied when the property is sold. Recapture is taxed at a rate up to 25%, separate from standard capital gains rates.
Cost Segregation Study
Cost Segregation Study: A detailed engineering and accounting analysis that reclassifies components of a property into shorter depreciation lives. It identifies personal property (5–7 years), land improvements (15 years), and structural components (27.5–39 years).
Section 1245 Property
Section 1245 Property: Tangible personal property that qualifies for accelerated depreciation. Examples include carpeting, appliances, and machinery. Gains from the sale of Section 1245 property are subject to recapture rules.
Section 1250 Property
Section 1250 Property: Real property, such as buildings and structural components, which depreciates over longer recovery periods (27.5–39 years). Depreciation recapture rules differ from those for Section 1245 property.
Qualified Improvement Property (QIP)
Qualified Improvement Property (QIP): Interior improvements to non-residential property, placed in service after the building itself. QIP qualifies for 15-year depreciation and is eligible for bonus depreciation.
Real Estate Professional Status (REPS)
Real Estate Professional Status (REPS): A tax designation allowing taxpayers to offset active income with real estate losses. To qualify, an individual must spend 750+ hours annually on real estate activities, and real estate must constitute their primary work.
Land Improvements
Land Improvements: Assets such as parking lots, landscaping, and fencing, which are depreciable over a 15-year period. Identified during cost segregation studies, these items qualify for bonus depreciation.
COST SEGREGATION FAQ
What Is Cost Segregation?
How Does Cost Segregation Work?
- Structural Components:Walls, roofs, and foundations remain in the standard 27.5- or 39-year category.
- Personal Property:Items like carpet, cabinetry, or specialized electrical systems may qualify for 5- or 7-year depreciation.
- Land Improvements:Parking lots, landscaping, or fencing typically fall into a 15-year category.
Why Is Cost Segregation Important?
Tax Savings Over Time (With Bonus Depreciation)
What Is the Purpose of a Cost Segregation Study?
What Is the Purpose of a Cost Segregation Study?
How Much Does a Cost Segregation Study Cost?
Tax Benefits and Processes
How Does Cost Segregation Save on Taxes?
For example, an investor who purchases a $1,000,000 property and uses cost segregation might identify $200,000 worth of components eligible for 5-year depreciation. This $200,000 deduction can offset a large portion of the investor’s income in the first year, reducing their overall tax liability.
How Does Cost Segregation Work?
- Increased Cash Flow:By accelerating depreciation, property owners can reduce taxable income and retain more cash for reinvestment.
- Immediate Tax Savings:Components eligible for bonus depreciation can result in significant first-year deductions.
- Improved ROI:The increased deductions reduce out-of-pocket expenses, enhancing the return on investment.
- Tax Deferral:Cost segregation defers taxes by shifting deductions to earlier years, creating a time-value-of-money advantage.
Can Cost Segregation Offset W2 Income?
- 1. Spending more than 750 hours annually on real estate activities.
- 2. Having real estate as the taxpayer’s primary source of income.
Can Bonus Depreciation Be Used for Real Property?
- Carpeting
- Appliances
- Parking lots
- Landscaping
What Is Depreciation Recapture, and How Is It Taxed?
- Tax Rate:Depreciation recapture is taxed at a maximum rate of 25%.
- Example:An investor purchased a property for $1,000,000 and claimed $300,000 in depreciation. If they sell the property for $1,500,000, the $300,000 previously depreciated is taxed at the recapture rate (up to 25%), while the remaining $200,000 gain is taxed as a capital gain.
How Do You Avoid Depreciation Recapture on Rental Property?
- 1. 1031 Exchange:By reinvesting the proceeds into a like-kind property, depreciation recapture can be deferred indefinitely.
- 2. Hold Until Death:Upon the property owner’s death, their heirs receive a "step-up" in basis, effectively eliminating depreciation recapture.
- 3. Offset with Losses:Use passive losses or other deductions to offset the recapture amount.
What Is the Depreciation Recapture Tax Rate for 2023?
How to Apply Cost Segregation on a Tax Return?
- 1. Conduct a Cost Segregation Study:Hire a qualified firm to identify and reclassify property components into shorter depreciation categories.
- 2. File Form 3115:If reclassifying assets on an existing property, submit IRS Form 3115 (Application for Change in Accounting Method) to adjust prior depreciation schedules.
- 3. Report Depreciation:Include the accelerated depreciation deductions on Form 4562 (Depreciation and Amortization) when filing your tax return.
Is Cost Segregation Worth It?
- Property Value:Cost segregation is most beneficial for properties valued at $500,000 or more.
- Tax Bracket:High-income individuals benefit more from the increased deductions.
- Long-Term Plans:Investors planning to hold the property for several years can maximize the benefits.
Eligibility and Qualifications
Who Can Perform a Cost Segregation Study?
Can You Do a Cost Segregation Study Yourself?
What Properties Qualify for Cost Segregation?
When Can a Cost Segregation Study Be Done?
What Is a Qualified Leasehold Improvement?
What Activities Qualify for Real Estate Professional Status?
How Do I Qualify as a Real Estate Professional?
What Is Real Estate Professional Status?
What Is the Life of Property Benefit in Cost Segregation?
Is Cost Segregation Applicable for Primary Residences?
Bonus Depreciation and Leasehold Improvements
Does California Allow Bonus Depreciation?
What is the Cost Basis and How is Land Valued for Cost Segregation?
The formula for calculating cost basis is:
Cost Basis = Purchase Price - Land Value + Capital Improvements + Eligible Closing Costs
For land valuation, accurate allocation is crucial since land is not depreciable. Common methods to determine land value include:
Appraisals: Professional valuations that separate land and building values.
City Tax Valuation: Using local property tax assessments that provide a land-to-building ratio.Regrid or Comparable Valuation Tools: Platforms that assess land value based on comparable nearby properties.
For example, if a property is purchased for $500,000, with an appraisal indicating land is valued at $100,000 and $50,000 of CAPEX improvements are added, the cost basis would be:
$500,000 - $100,000 + $50,000 = $450,000
This adjusted basis is then used for cost segregation to allocate and depreciate the building and its qualifying components over accelerated schedules. Including CAPEX ensures that all eligible improvements are factored into the depreciation, maximizing potential tax benefits.
Does HVAC Qualify as a Leasehold Improvement?
Are Leasehold Improvements Depreciated Over 15 Years?
What Is Qualified Improvement Property, and How Does It Affect Taxes?
How Long Do You Depreciate Leasehold Improvements?
What Is the Difference Between Leasehold Improvements and Building Improvements?
Are Leasehold Improvements Eligible for Section 179?
Can Bonus Depreciation Apply to Leasehold Improvements?
Does a Storage Shed Qualify for Section 179?
Special Considerations and Situations
What is Form 3115, and When is it Used in Cost Segregation?
What Is the Difference Between Section 1245 and Section 1250 Property?
Section 1250 property, on the other hand, covers real property, such as buildings and structural components, which depreciate over longer periods (27.5 or 39 years). Gains from selling Section 1250 property may trigger recapture taxes at a maximum rate of 25%.
For example, if a cost segregation study identifies a $50,000 HVAC system as Section 1245 property and the remaining $450,000 as Section 1250 property, the HVAC system would qualify for accelerated depreciation, while the building structure would remain on a longer schedule.
How Do I Calculate Depreciation for Rental Properties?
For a residential rental property purchased for $500,000, with land valued at $150,000, the depreciable basis is $350,000. Using the straight-line method for residential rental properties, the annual depreciation would be:
Annual Depreciation Calculation Example:
The formula to calculate annual depreciation for a property under straight-line depreciation is:
Annual Depreciation = Depreciable Basis ÷ Recovery Period
For example, if the depreciable basis of a residential rental property is $350,000, and the recovery period is 27.5 years, the calculation would be:
Annual Depreciation = $350,000 ÷ 27.5 = $12,727.27
This means the property owner can claim $12,727.27 in annual depreciation using the straight-line method.
Cost segregation studies accelerate this process by reclassifying parts of the property to shorter recovery periods, increasing deductions in the early years of ownership.
How Is Rental Income Taxed in Different States?
- Californiataxes rental income at rates ranging from 1% to 13.3%, depending on total income.
- Texasdoes not have a state income tax, so rental income is only subject to federal taxes.
- New Yorktaxes rental income at rates up to 10.9%, depending on the taxpayer’s income bracket.
What Is the Section 481 Adjustment?
How Does Cost Segregation Apply to Self-Storage Facilities?
What Is the Impact of Bonus Depreciation Phase-Out?
- 2023:80% bonus depreciation
- 2024:60% bonus depreciation
- 2025:40% bonus depreciation
- 2026:20% bonus depreciation
- 2027:0% bonus depreciation